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如(ru)何讓工地達到安全文明(ming)的標準
在(zai)建筑(zhu)(zhu)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)與建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質(zhi)量與成本管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)是同(tong)等重(zhong)(zhong)要的(de)(de)(de)(de)，安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效率與工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)質(zhi)量與成本直接(jie)相連(lian)，高水平的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)將有利于(yu)促進建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)保質(zhi)、有序進行，同(tong)時避免(mian)出現安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)事故，促進建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)成本花費的(de)(de)(de)(de)有效降低。因此，建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)人員在(zai)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)過程(cheng)中，也必須提高對施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)(zhong)視，并積(ji)極思考施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要點(dian)，結合施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場(chang)(chang)實(shi)際施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)情況，制定科學合理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)計劃，實(shi)施(shi)適宜(yi)有效的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)策略，以(yi)保證建筑(zhu)(zhu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)、有序進行。
建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)是(shi)一項極(ji)其復雜的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作，它涉及(ji)到(dao)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作人(ren)員(yuan)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技術、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程物資等數額都(dou)是(shi)較大的(de)，任(ren)何(he)一個不確定(ding)因素(su)，都(dou)會(hui)影響施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)安(an)全，導致建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程出現(xian)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)全事故，所以，施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)安(an)全管(guan)理(li)是(shi)極(ji)其重要的(de)。但(dan)是(shi)目(mu)前，我國建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)的(de)安(an)全管(guan)理(li)中依然存在以下(xia)問題(ti)。
①要想有效保證施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)的(de)效率(lv)，就必須構建科學的(de)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)組織與管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體系(xi)，這樣才能(neng)保證管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)的(de)有序進行。但是，我(wo)國很多建筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位對此的(de)重視度不(bu)夠，缺失安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)組織與管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)體系(xi)，沒(mei)有專(zhuan)職的(de)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)人員，安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)流于形式，難以形成有效的(de)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)模(mo)式，也難以實施科學適宜的(de)安全(quan)(quan)管(guan)(guan)理(li)(li)手段(duan)。
②任何管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)都需要(yao)在一定制度(du)的約束下進行(xing)，建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)現場的安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)也(ye)不例外。但(dan)是(shi)，建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)單位側(ce)重于工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質(zhi)量的管(guan)理(li)，在管(guan)理(li)制度(du)的建(jian)(jian)立上也(ye)多以質(zhi)量管(guan)理(li)制度(du)為(wei)主，安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)制度(du)不完善，缺乏安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)管(guan)理(li)的主動性與計劃性，導(dao)致安(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)作(zuo)無(wu)立腳點，跟(gen)不上建(jian)(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的發展。
③建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)安全管(guan)理(li)項目(mu)很多，需要工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員加強(qiang)管(guan)理(li)力度(du)，以(yi)便實現(xian)保障施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)安全的(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)。但實際施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)安全管(guan)理(li)過程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)，部分工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)管(guan)理(li)人(ren)員思想認識(shi)不高，對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)的(de)(de)管(guan)理(li)不嚴，同時對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術了解不深，無法對(dui)施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)中(zhong)的(de)(de)安全隱患進行有效檢查與防范，從而(er)導致施(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)現(xian)場(chang)安全性較低，影響建(jian)筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)安全管(guan)理(li)效率。
建筑(zhu)工(gong)程安(an)全(quan)(quan)防護(hu)、文明(ming)(ming)施(shi)工(gong)主要包括哪些？1、文明(ming)(ming)施(shi)工(gong)與環境保(bao)護(hu)：（1）安(an)全(quan)(quan)警示(shi)標(biao)志(zhi)牌：在易(yi)發傷亡事故（或(huo)危險）處(chu)(chu)設(she)置(zhi)明(ming)(ming)顯的、符合(he)國(guo)家標(biao)準要求的安(an)全(quan)(quan)警示(shi)標(biao)志(zhi)牌；（2）現(xian)場(chang)(chang)圍擋：現(xian)場(chang)(chang)采(cai)用封閉(bi)(bi)圍擋，高度不小于1.8 m，圍擋材料(liao)可采(cai)用彩色(se)、定型(xing)鋼板，磚、砼(tong)砌塊等墻體。（3）牌圖(tu)：在進門處(chu)(chu)懸掛(gua)工(gong)程概況、管(guan)理(li)(li)人(ren)員名(ming)(ming)單及監督(du)電話、安(an)全(quan)(quan)生(sheng)產(chan)、文明(ming)(ming)施(shi)工(gong)、消(xiao)防保(bao)衛五板；施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)總平(ping)面圖(tu)。（4）企(qi)(qi)業(ye)標(biao)志(zhi)：現(xian)場(chang)(chang)出(chu)入(ru)的大門應設(she)有(you)本企(qi)(qi)業(ye)標(biao)識(shi)或(huo)企(qi)(qi)業(ye)標(biao)識(shi)（5）場(chang)(chang)容場(chang)(chang)貌：道路(lu)暢通，排水(shui)溝、排水(shui)設(she)施(shi)通暢，工(gong)地地面硬化(hua)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)，綠(lv)化(hua)。（6）材料(liao)堆放(fang)(fang)：材料(liao)、構件、料(liao)具等堆放(fang)(fang)時，懸掛(gua)有(you)名(ming)(ming)稱、品(pin)種、規格等標(biao)牌，水(shui)泥和(he)其他易(yi)飛揚細顆粒建筑(zhu)材料(liao)應密(mi)閉(bi)(bi)存(cun)放(fang)(fang)或(huo)采(cai)取覆(fu)蓋等措(cuo)施(shi)，易(yi)燃(ran)、易(yi)爆和(he)有(you)毒有(you)害(hai)物品(pin)分類存(cun)放(fang)(fang)。（7）現(xian)場(chang)(chang)防火：消(xiao)防器(qi)材配置(zhi)合(he)理(li)(li)，符合(he)消(xiao)防要求。（8）垃(la)(la)圾清運(yun)：施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場(chang)(chang)應設(she)置(zhi)密(mi)閉(bi)(bi)式垃(la)(la)圾站，施(shi)工(gong)垃(la)(la)圾、生(sheng)活垃(la)(la)圾應分類存(cun)放(fang)(fang)。
2、臨(lin)時(shi)設(she)(she)施（1）現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)辦公(gong)生活設(she)(she)施：施工現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)辦公(gong)、生活區與(yu)作(zuo)業區分開(kai)設(she)(she)置，保(bao)持安全距離(li)，工地辦公(gong)室、現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)宿舍(she)、食堂(tang)、廁所、飲水、休息場(chang)(chang)(chang)所符(fu)合衛生和(he)(he)安全要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。（2）施工現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)臨(lin)時(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)：按照(zhao)TN-S系統要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)配(pei)備五(wu)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)、四(si)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)和(he)(he)三(san)芯(xin)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)；按要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)架(jia)設(she)(she)臨(lin)時(shi)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)電(dian)(dian)桿、橫擔(dan)、瓷夾、瓷瓶等，或電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)埋(mai)地的(de)地溝(gou)；對靠近施工現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)的(de)外電(dian)(dian)線(xian)路(lu)，設(she)(she)置木質(zhi)、塑料等絕緣體(ti)的(de)防護設(she)(she)施；按三(san)級配(pei)電(dian)(dian)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，配(pei)備總配(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱、分配(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱、開(kai)關(guan)箱三(san)類(lei)標準電(dian)(dian)箱。開(kai)關(guan)箱應(ying)符(fu)合一機(ji)、一箱、一閘、一漏(lou)。三(san)類(lei)電(dian)(dian)箱中的(de)各(ge)類(lei)電(dian)(dian)器(qi)應(ying)是合格品；按兩級保(bao)護的(de)要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，選取符(fu)合容量要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)和(he)(he)質(zhi)量合格的(de)總配(pei)電(dian)(dian)箱和(he)(he)開(kai)關(guan)箱中的(de)漏(lou)電(dian)(dian)保(bao)護器(qi)；施工現(xian)(xian)場(chang)(chang)(chang)保(bao)護零錢的(de)重復接地應(ying)不(bu)少于三(san)處。
3、安全(quan)施工(gong)（1）樓板(ban)、屋面、陽臺等臨邊防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)：用密(mi)目式(shi)安全(quan)立網(wang)(wang)全(quan)封閉(bi)(bi)，作業(ye)層(ceng)另(ling)加兩(liang)(liang)邊防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)欄桿和18cm高(gao)的(de)踢(ti)腳(jiao)板(ban)。（2）通(tong)道(dao)口(kou)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)：設(she)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)棚，防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)棚應(ying)為不小(xiao)于5cm厚的(de)木板(ban)或(huo)兩(liang)(liang)道(dao)相距(ju)50cm的(de)竹笆。兩(liang)(liang)側應(ying)沿(yan)欄桿架用密(mi)目式(shi)安全(quan)網(wang)(wang)封閉(bi)(bi)。（3）預留洞(dong)口(kou)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)：用木板(ban)全(quan)封閉(bi)(bi)；短邊超過1.5m長的(de)洞(dong)口(kou)，除封閉(bi)(bi)外四周還應(ying)設(she)有(you)(you)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)欄桿。（4）電梯(ti)井(jing)口(kou)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)：設(she)置定(ding)型化、工(gong)具(ju)(ju)化、標(biao)準化的(de)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)門；在電梯(ti)井(jing)內(nei)每(mei)隔兩(liang)(liang)層(ceng)（不大于10m）設(she)置一道(dao)安全(quan)平網(wang)(wang)。（5）樓梯(ti)邊防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)：設(she)1.2m高(gao)的(de)定(ding)型化、工(gong)具(ju)(ju)化、標(biao)準化的(de)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)欄桿，18cm高(gao)的(de)踢(ti)腳(jiao)板(ban)。（6）垂直方向交叉作業(ye)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)：設(she)置防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)隔離棚或(huo)其他設(she)施。（7）高(gao)空作業(ye)防(fang)護(hu)(hu)(hu)：有(you)(you)懸掛(gua)安全(quan)帶的(de)懸索或(huo)其他設(she)施；有(you)(you)操(cao)作平臺；有(you)(you)上下的(de)梯(ti)子或(huo)其他形式(shi)的(de)通(tong)道(dao)。
怎樣做好現場施工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)？1.安(an)全(quan)(quan)第(di)一(yi) 。不管(guan)哪個(ge)工(gong)(gong)種，施工(gong)(gong)前必(bi)(bi)須進(jin)行(xing)對工(gong)(gong)人進(jin)行(xing)安(an)全(quan)(quan)教育，把安(an)全(quan)(quan)永遠(yuan)放在第(di)一(yi)位(wei)，每天都不能進(jin)行(xing)忽視。項目部可以(yi)每天列出明文規(gui)定(ding)，讓各個(ge)工(gong)(gong)種的工(gong)(gong)長進(jin)行(xing)簽字，嚴格要求工(gong)(gong)長每天對工(gong)(gong)人施工(gong)(gong)前進(jin)行(xing)安(an)全(quan)(quan)提醒(xing)及注意事(shi)項。項目部管(guan)理(li)人員每天必(bi)(bi)須進(jin)入施工(gong)(gong)現場進(jin)行(xing)安(an)全(quan)(quan)的檢查，對于不遵守安(an)全(quan)(quan)規(gui)定(ding)的進(jin)行(xing)嚴厲處罰。
2.認(ren)真(zhen)做(zuo)好現場(chang)(chang)的(de)文明(ming)施(shi)(shi)工。文明(ming)施(shi)(shi)工體現出一(yi)個公司的(de)施(shi)(shi)工現場(chang)(chang)管(guan)理是否規范，也是施(shi)(shi)工管(guan)理制度的(de)完善。做(zuo)好現場(chang)(chang)文明(ming)施(shi)(shi)工在開工前(qian)項目部一(yi)定(ding)要提前(qian)進(jin)行明(ming)文規定(ding)，包括材料(liao)的(de)堆放、工人施(shi)(shi)工的(de)秩序、現場(chang)(chang)用電管(guan)理要求(qiu)、施(shi)(shi)工完畢后物料(liao)的(de)整理等(deng)。
3.減(jian)小(xiao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的浪費。減(jian)小(xiao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)的浪費有助于縮(suo)小(xiao)工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的成本(ben)，提高單位工(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)項目(mu)的利潤(run)，在一定程(cheng)(cheng)度上也是對文明施(shi)(shi)工(gong)的加強和補充。因此，項目(mu)部必須制(zhi)定明確的材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)使(shi)用規(gui)范，以及達到減(jian)小(xiao)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)浪費所(suo)采用的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技(ji)術。讓(rang)工(gong)人施(shi)(shi)工(gong)時嚴格按要求進行執行。
4.各單項工程施(shi)(shi)工前做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)交(jiao)底。做(zuo)好(hao)(hao)各單項工程的(de)技(ji)術(shu)(shu)交(jiao)底有助于讓工人(ren)明確項目(mu)部對施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)(shu)經及所達到的(de)施(shi)(shi)工質(zhi)量的(de)要(yao)求。規范工人(ren)的(de)現(xian)場(chang)施(shi)(shi)工，保證工程的(de)施(shi)(shi)工質(zhi)量。技(ji)術(shu)(shu)交(jiao)底以施(shi)(shi)工技(ji)術(shu)(shu)交(jiao)底單的(de)形式下發給現(xian)場(chang)施(shi)(shi)工工人(ren)。
5.加強施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)檢查。項目質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)檢人員要(yao)每天(tian)進行施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)檢查，檢查工(gong)程的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)是否(fou)符合要(yao)求，是否(fou)達到設計(ji)要(yao)求的(de)(de)標準。施(shi)工(gong)現(xian)場出現(xian)的(de)(de)質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)問題要(yao)立即進行整改，嚴把質(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)量(liang)(liang)關。
6.控制好現場(chang)的施工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度。在保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)施工(gong)(gong)(gong)質量的前(qian)提(ti)下，還要控制好工(gong)(gong)(gong)人的施工(gong)(gong)(gong)進(jin)(jin)度，目前(qian)的進(jin)(jin)度是否在工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)總計劃(hua)之內，如果延后則根據現場(chang)實際情況(kuang)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)調整和(he)重(zhong)新編排工(gong)(gong)(gong)人，達到工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的預(yu)期工(gong)(gong)(gong)期要求。
7.做(zuo)好(hao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場各種施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)的(de)(de)整理。施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)記錄和工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)竣工(gong)(gong)(gong)結算的(de)(de)依據。也是以(yi)后留(liu)做(zuo)備(bei)查的(de)(de)可(ke)靠保證。所以(yi)做(zuo)好(hao)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)現(xian)場的(de)(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)資(zi)(zi)料(liao)至關重要。
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